漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

2 I m! p! q# a8 X! d$ U- H6 D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 9 ?! m B( D U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ; u* ]3 D6 O( D' S# l! B& Y6 R; d, |! mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, ! m$ b [0 r' c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,, X( F+ u3 z+ h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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2 O" [7 x/ r5 G% h+ H9 m7 jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, / Q4 F/ O, h6 W8 K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, : [4 ~( @4 n- q* xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, # l$ n l* N* d, l4 v( O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 8 S( ^! R$ o6 V; `; n% q B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, $ f H2 d6 o+ ~4 ]/ C* l* S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ( F; h' m& p# C5 t3 \6 n: Bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 6 g; Z1 z: b/ q6 i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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j) n) f+ b3 h4 [) C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, ! ?; ?6 i. E; h* }+ Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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' d* i. N) F9 h4 A1 z2 m6 X1 f# @5 K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ' k# Y0 y8 w: B/ ~! [3 ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ , c( `: }. [/ H' Z! g# w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” * E4 H) w. }$ s h* F( Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 0 C7 g( D# w/ Q( u) p4 G+ y- a* s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” # p; P. N# `# J. A- B# o" F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 9 i( Y( S* G9 x5 M' o; h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前者为因, 4 @, T5 ?: Z% Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 2 l1 O" h. i$ I( g0 T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' x6 l% g8 q; |7 @"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, # R' g6 b/ z, P/ Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, + i' h! V' C3 h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ( t# R4 Y0 u/ j) cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 L. ^8 C* p# P! k. Z ^"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, l6 S) q) W1 P0 Q7 e4 H% N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ! V* {4 K8 Z4 C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ L( P4 l. v8 D- U S( U o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? * s% B* z% S7 D3 Q$ V3 S6 S. u5 i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” * g# M0 X- |$ H9 R v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 5 n4 B6 @$ \" _* p7 g- N S8 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + N2 {0 p, ^1 e2 U6 z"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: ; X1 s8 g5 L8 Y" e2 O7 @# b, D- E( J# N, t% r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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' M( W. W+ q* k4 `+ u4 K1 N3 G% u: smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 \. X: `% g- G, V6 {6 y1 R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 0 X! a" t5 x8 m% |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + Q; T& W$ R! E7 C. A"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, / e `8 B$ K7 Q# e) [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 1 u9 @+ [# M+ t( G- M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ; g( k) g0 P0 \5 S/ A, ]* B: H# U; amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 _; A' O8 c: p3 q ] mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里9 f' J) O1 d/ N# L, J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 . d/ f+ K( z4 V: T3 a' Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(2 k+ e# V) w' a. r" b) \" O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 5 P, h5 ]- F/ ]7 A6 pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % ]- z( j! w" Q/ Z6 l p"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用1 n6 v0 @/ ?7 A. I4 y9 C 12.0pt">, ' ]3 V; _/ U0 G8 u1 m* `9 c"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, / L" H, T) K3 A4 {7 pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, ( R$ Q2 z: l( i6 G" _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!! o. Y8 k# f3 L1 N. H1 V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 7 l' k, W" x/ \. e- p# \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % L) q8 F! o$ H/ x# I" ]"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 2 P3 a8 Q( G& p9 V# w* U( E' U# gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, ; v" C) ~# s' [) V- @! Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 0 P3 `6 P$ w+ Q9 w# S. C; n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ 8 l5 C7 Q" X( ~' ^' ?7 D0 G* n mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”5 m0 p! I( b' ?" i( B 12.0pt"> 4 W _/ w3 ]( t* u "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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/ Y2 ^/ H2 [( _8 C1 s0 y* y; Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, $ u9 p' ~9 x7 D- X 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ; Q. [4 K( T' X6 P6 s: kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / R& Q2 j7 ~0 f; v+ J' M8 i4 R6 }"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 0 X( V' D4 x6 E, g( Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 8 K& o( i8 g( C( l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, ' T$ e: Q* q, A1 S5 J* w6 o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) p, K6 N, b- d"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ + T4 O L# F4 R0 f' _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 0 W/ F+ P {) Z6 a1 M; r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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8 o$ d6 ? a& b/ ~8 v3 {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, . c! r1 x/ o t& c# w7 x. V% L$ Z+ B. N5 O3 | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

 

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# Q+ s1 A# b# B& r/ K) f" {5 Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, ( Y J; }- d$ K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, & _* b' o# u$ j6 c# O! M) w2 j- {3 n, n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, / @! x. O& z+ H6 R. ?7 C( q" e s" k# V A7 h0 }6 k) I, `& G- \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 9 l) i/ i/ Z# `, Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 B5 e6 N7 M' ~"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,7 H+ U! F* n. k2 j X- S: ?- I2 ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ! ?( z. \0 s: g0 o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 C- I% b% u* {$ d- F"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题' q) M. E& ]5 A7 c9 t, O+ y7 H12.0pt">: 7 h& l# |# f1 ?"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ! C3 e/ {& O; C7 c0 G+ a5 Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 K0 e* b5 R/ [( u+ ?1 }"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才7 x% |$ A( P, y# v% Q3 K: Z3 E5 Q12.0pt">, 6 Q6 _% i& D( r "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 7 z8 T v* k' jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 3 W0 G3 j( Q( Q1 H3 m' P mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, , v) v: h* {/ d) ~/ j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 4 V( Q) B4 v( u9 |0 m1 O; m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题, ~( q# x& L: F: b# }/ v12.0pt">; / O6 e' P7 L) x F1 }7 u; e"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 6 S3 k& O, e8 V9 u7 a3 C% s) ?, u0 l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # A Q, q- C7 F$ p1 x"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求4 N# Z: n" w B4 q, }5 { 12.0pt">: # O$ m" g9 l) U0 j: v"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 0 E! S% f4 ^1 ^4 u! y* Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, \, ?0 ^" Z lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, + J% l# k2 N e0 n. W- L: Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . V& p1 r/ k8 |& K6 S6 V( S+ H"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统5 C! V2 I3 Z1 h. W12.0pt">:

 

* V5 {( S( e; n4 Z/ T0 ]* f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 8 A! g) t5 O2 H: V$ v# D9 P( R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” ' X. {* j: {9 l# ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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2 N5 a: z$ H- c" t; X9 x* w: \; r# ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, # I6 q+ Y; j1 M4 c! d- G4 A) T) x& B3 m1 h# yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & L' E2 S% s1 t+ Y; h' [" ^"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

 

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O' O. y. R) D+ V* @, Y8 b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 7 O" I# A3 r. `! x6 G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 Z: ?, L. v+ L"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 4 }3 R" M7 R! P7 x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 1 a4 I# V1 c" Y1 }+ \" p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, * Z: v3 e6 L0 ~# \/ m+ x mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, , F. j0 m' P$ w% `! E# m9 y9 N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 1 @& e& q9 U! A% c+ x mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, " p1 p b0 m3 T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: ' Z& J3 H& s% ?5 X2 C$ q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ; {8 P( \ X$ M) Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, # e- |! Z7 K2 l3 l' I T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, % P1 P3 z7 x R0 c: k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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+ N- b2 x% m! C7 L: q1 ]0 b/ O, \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,3 F4 C1 @8 A! ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定) N/ b" S, w5 K12.0pt">, , _, | {. I. S+ }"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 3 s- u; E: y) g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 @. k) _5 U/ j0 F0 }8 G6 h"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:: C4 O6 Y+ Q6 E2 c% Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 0 x8 e3 h# l3 b; Z) F: k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 2 N5 R# H; {" K" dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , @, X/ {0 X- n1 U; O0 g( i7 G"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, " R. M# N+ u* S. l0 q1 x, P, nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, / f u! K% f2 Y* m- [: `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ' u/ o* j$ L2 k& D4 i% D$ f: S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ) V' k6 [# \% T. p2 Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, . M) U- H5 {6 B& o) b! w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) t8 T8 e, \+ m8 p* Q+ Q; G2 E"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊